Uncertainty Reduction Theory Essay - 4674 Words

Abstract This paper deals with uncertainty reduction theory from its origin to date. Ever since uncertainty reduction theory was first created, many researchers have examined it by comparing it with other theories. Uncertainty reduction theory had been tested across different cultures in order to confirm its generalizability. It had also been applied to real life situations to examine how individuals interact in their initial encounters with strangers. In addition, researchers suggested testing uncertainty reduction theory beyond initial encounters rather than strangers. Finally, criticisms were provided for potential future studies. Introduction Uncertainty reduction theory was created by Charles Berger in 1975. This theory†¦show more content†¦The intimacy level of communication content is inversely related to information seeking (T12) and reciprocity rate (T13) and is positively related to liking (T14) and similarity (T15). Information seeking is positively related to reciprocity rate (T16) and is negatively related to liking (T17) and similarity (T18). Reciprocity rate is inversely related to liking (T19) and similarity (T20). Similarity and liking (T21) are positively related. Uncertainty reduction theory could be applied to long-term relationships as well as initial encounter (Berger, 1979). Berger presented that uncertainty may happen on two different levels: behavioral and cognitive. He stated that reducing uncertainty in behavior increases the predicting ability of how a person will act when he/she is facing a situation. In the mean time, cognitive uncertainty affects the ability to explain the main rational reasons for that certain action. Clatterbuck (1979) tested the hypotheses derived from the axioms of uncertainty reduction theory in order to offer a means of operationalizing uncertainty in initial interactions through measures of attributional confidence. The process of reducing uncertainty is divided into two interactive processes: retroactive attribution (explanation) and proactive attribution (prediction). When individuals have adequate information whichShow MoreRelatedUncertainty Reduction Theory3285 Words   |  14 Pagesnumber of uncertainties; some small and miniscule, such as meeting a student next to you in a classroom, while others life-changing and pivotal, including switching careers or becoming a parent. As each new unpredictable day arises, uncertainty fills the air, constantly swarming one’s emotions and daily interactions. While factors of uncertainty revolve around routinely aspects, Charles Berger and Richard Calabrese (1975) narrowed their focus and devised a theory specifically on unc ertainty and interpersonalRead MoreUncertainty Reduction Theory Essay685 Words   |  3 PagesThe Uncertainty Reduction Theory states that before and during initial interactions between two people, ones first instinct is to reduce uncertainty about the other through various methods. For example, when you see someone you think you would like to know, you try and figure out what they are like through various methods so you can control the conversation and steer it into a path that the other person finds interesting. There are a few methods, or strategies, of figuring out what the other personRead MoreThe Uncertainty Reduction Theory And The Face Negotiation Theory1756 Words   |  8 PagesDuring the course of this paper two communication theories will be reviewed and analyzed. The two theories will first be introduced, followed by comparing and contrasting the implications, assumptions and concepts of both theories. The two communication theories that have been chosen are the Uncertainty Reduction Theory and the Face Negotiation Theory. The theories were not chosen randomly, they were chosen because they both deal with how individuals perceive one another, as well as themselves, inRead MoreEssay on A Critique of Bergers Uncertainty Reduction Theory901 Words   |  4 PagesA Critique of Bergers Uncertainty Reduction Theory How do people get to know each other? Bugs Bunny likes to open up every conversation with the question, Whats up Doc? Why does he do this? Is Bugs Bunny uncertain? Lets explore this idea of uncertainty. Shifting focus now to college students. As many other college students at Ohio University, I am put into situations that make me uncertain of my surroundings almost every time I go to a class for the first time, a group meeting, or socialRead MoreUncertainty Reduction Theory â€Å"the Vow† and â€Å"Meet the Parents†1720 Words   |  7 PagesUncertainty Reduction Theory â€Å"The Vow† and â€Å"Meet the Parents† Uncertainty reduction theory is â€Å"the point of view that uncertainty motivates communication and that certainty reduces the motivation to communicate† (Wood, definition). This theory was first developed by Charles Berger. He believed that when people are to meet for the first time they have a high level of uncertainty and the only way for them to reduce it is to communicate with one another. â€Å"They don’t know what each other likesRead MoreAnalysis of the Uncertainty Reduction Theory on Interpersonal Communication1521 Words   |  7 PagesAnalysis of the Uncertainty Reduction theory on interpersonal communication Through this paper I will conduct an analysis of the uncertainty reduction theory and will then apply it to my own experience here in Colorado university. This theory has been subject to many articles and studies in the communication and social departments. Indeed, studying this theory can help us understanding human relations in interpersonal communication. Each of us has been one day confronted to uncertainty, whereas inRead MoreA First Look At Communication Theory : Ninth Edition ( 2015 ) And Charles Bergers Uncertainty Reduction Theory2032 Words   |  9 Pagessurrounded by uncertainty and change in our everyday life even if we do not realize it. Meeting new people is not always easy but fortunately there are a few ways that you can cope with this uncertainty. Our book A first look at Communication Theory: Ninth Edition (2015) and Charles Berger’s Uncertainty Reduction Theory he states that (URT) focuses on how human communication is used to gain knowledge and create understanding. This paper will narrow in on the topic of ways to cope with uncertainty in a friendshipRead MoreThe Uncertainty Reduction Theory Of Uncertainty1395 Words   |  6 Pages The uncertainty reduction theory describes when individuals who are defined as strangers engage in their first conversation when communication uncertainties are bound to occur. When strangers encounter for the first time, they are worried about the increasing certainty to make sense of their first communication occurrence even before the actual communication process takes place. When strangers have a first-time occurrence of communicating, their conversation is just trying to make sense of theirRead MoreUncertainty Reduction Theory1967 Words   |  8 PagesJonathan Quinones Literature Review Paper Comm 306 Uncertainty Reduction Theory Uncertainty is an unpleasant feeling and because of this feeling, people are motivated to reduce this uncertainty by means of communication. Uncertainty reduction theory (URT) was developed to describe the interrelationships in any type of communication exchange using seven factors: verbal communication, nonverbal expressiveness, information-seeking behavior, intimacy, reciprocity, similarity, and liking (BergerRead MoreUncertainty Reduction Theory3317 Words   |  13 Pagesfirst time, their primary thought is one of uncertainty. These doubts are natural, as the two attempt to predict the outcome of the initial encounter. Charles Berger founded this theory of Uncertainty Reduction, and defines it as, â€Å"When people meet, their primary concern is to reduce uncertainty about each other and their relationship. As verbal output, nonverbal warmth, self-disclosure, similarity, and shared communication networks increase uncertainty decreases, and vice versa. Information seeking

Humans A Threat to the Environment - 1257 Words

Introduction Human beings are often at odds with their environment, and it has been said that everything people do brings about environmental change, most of which results in some long-term threat to the environment. This paper will discuss two production habits and two consumption habits practiced by humans in the act of obtaining environmental resources The production habits are: Fracking, and Arctic drilling. The consumption habits are: Fresh groundwater use, and electric vehicles. Hydraulic fracturing. In the hydrofracking process, high pressure is used to force fluids into the earth formation that surrounds the drilling space for a well, or the wellbore. The fluids are pushed into the rock parts along fracture gradients, flowing further and further away from the wellbore. The fracture becomes filled with the fluid and various substances (proppant) are added to the stream of fluid that keeps the fracture open once the pressure is turned off, and promotes viscosity so the fluids more easily through the fractures. Fluids are then able to flow from the rock structure through the propped fractures to the wellbore. Fracking has been used by the natural gas and oil industry since 1947 when it was introduced at the Hugoton gas field in Kansas. Two years after the first use, hydraulic fracturing was used in a commercial application, and more than 70 percent of the wells in the United States have undergone hydraulic fracturing. Every country that produces oil and gas hasShow MoreRelatedClimate Change Is The Biggest Human Induced Threat On The Environment784 Words   |  4 PagesClimate change is the biggest human induced threat on the environment; it threatens animal and human life, as well as the economy. After climate change was discovered in the early 1800’s, scientist immediately started research on ways global warming could be solved. This helped because if it was primarily caused by the earth, than it would prove to be difficult for humans to try to save themselves from something that was inevitable. This all led to the beginning of many different proposed solutionsRead MoreThe Coasta l And Marine Conservation And Management Approaches907 Words   |  4 Pagesfocused on a restricted area of significant human usage for practises such as; recreational and commercial fishing and leisure, and highly active biologically. The coastal marine ecosystem has been suffering a general tendency of population growth and, nowadays, has been also linked with industrial increase (Pietersen Beekman 2006). However its benefits might be essential to stakeholders, as a consequence of this constant disproportional growth, the threats are becoming more visual, which also increasesRead MoreThere Are Multiple Threats By The Earth s Environment By Brian Parham1386 Words   |  6 PagesIn Brian Parham’s article â€Å"There Are Multiple Threats to the Earth’s Environment,† published by The Bridge website on November 18, 2012, Parham claims that Earth’s environment is threatened by a wide variety of issues. Parham s There Are Multiple Threats to the Earth s En vironment is an effective argument due to the strong uses of ethos and pathos, despite the weak use of logos. First, Parham s argument about Earth s environment shows effective uses of ethos, leading to a compelling overallRead MoreEssay on The Fate of Humanity by Technology1524 Words   |  7 Pagesthe history of humankind, the concept of the end of the world and an afterlife constantly lingered and drove humans to fear the gods. Most believed that a catastrophic event caused by divine or supernatural powers would end the world and plunge humans into the mysterious abyss of the afterlife. In recent years, however, it is becoming more apparent that the technologies and innovations of human creation will eventually be the root cause of their demise. Technologies created during the 20th and 21stRead MoreAnxiety, A Psychological, Physiological, And Behavioral State Induced1356 Words   |  6 Pages The definition of anxiety is, â€Å"a psychological, physiological, and behavioral state induced in animals and humans by a threat to well-being or survival, either actual or potential† (Ste imer, 2002). Anxiety is expressed in humans through many different situations, such as having phobias resembling being afraid of the dark when nothing threatening is there, or having social anxiety corresponding to being nervous about interacting with others who they do not know. Many people will confuse anxietyRead MorePhysical and Chemical Agents Pose a Threat to Human Health but Biological Agents are Most Severe640 Words   |  3 PagesWhen categorizing environmental agents in regard to human health, physical, chemical, and biological agents each pose different and great threats. All can have potentially extremely dangerous short term and long term effects. In my opinion, biological agents pose the greatest threat to human health. It is crucial to point out that circumstantially, any of the three could pose the greatest threat, but in general, I believe biological agents do so. I find biological agents to be the most unavoidableRead MoreSecuring It Infrastructure At Wd Enterpr ises1268 Words   |  6 Pagesdifferent areas that need to be addressed. Each of these areas pose different vulnerabilities and challenges to properly securing an IT environment. By identifying these vulnerabilities, applying controls to address them, and designing a robust security plan the IT infrastructure at WD Enterprises will be more secure and provide better protection against these threats. This plan along with design and application of a code of ethics related to the IT profession, will ensure the staff is held accountableRead MoreA Review On Employee Behavior1610 Words   |  7 PagesLiterature review Employee behavior in organizations is the biggest threat to information security (Schneier, 2000)(Martins Eloff, 2002)(Da Veiga et al, 2007). Currently, research in IS focuses on technical mechanisms of security, and does not think about employee interactions with the system (Parsons et al, 2010). Research has shown that an emerging threat to information security is the insider (Hu et al, 2012)(PWC, 2014). The insider threat is the most difficult information security challenges that organizationsRead MoreShould Gmos Be Considered Part Of A Sustainable Food System?1161 Words   |  5 PagesWhat are Genetically-Modified Foods? Genetically-Modified Foods, commonly known as GMOs, are crop plants that have been created for human and animal consumption by genetic engineering techniques of biotechnology. These crop plants have been modified in a lab to create a desired trait that has been undertaken through breeding methods. Lately, there has been major controversy and disputes on if GMO s are a solution or a problem in today’s society. Now, a question for debate is, should GMOs be consideredRead MoreSWOT Analysis of Roland Beer Company1383 Words   |  6 Pagesbusiness that endeavours to fulfil all the legal connotations. The company aspires to submit to rules from the environment, human health, and the general business legalities in the market. Moreover, the company will ensure that all the procedural measures undertaken while producing, marketing, and using beer are respected to the end (Pahl Richter, 2009). Roland Beer Company will face threats from other beverage and beer manufacturing organizations in the market. For instance, stiff competition will

Language and Literacy Harmonious Unions

Question: Discuss about the Language and Literacy for Harmonious Unions. Answer: Introduction: The importance of the workers union cannot be understated, as it is only through the participation of the employees in these unions, can the employees expect their employment rights to be protected and safeguarded against any form of exploitation. However, the argument of the present essay is the extent to which the workers union is relevant and necessary in todays world (Lamare 2016). Positive Arguments: The chief advantage of any labor union lies in the fact that it acts as a mediator between the employees hired by an organization, and the employer hiring them. Thus, if the employees encounter any form of labor exploitation, the union members will help the employee members resolve their problems. In the capitalized economy, the employees are likely to suffer from unemployment problems as well as the problems of unfavorable working conditions, and in such situations, it is the workers union that can potentially help the members get their problems resolved through collective bargaining methods. The disabled people have claimed in a UK study that they experience improved employment prospects due to the presence of the workers union (Richards and Sang 2016). According to researches, the workers union help a private organization introduce the equality and diversity policies that largely help the disabled people, who otherwise fail to find an equitable workplace. Besides, it has also been argued that the chief advantages of having workers unions at workplace constitutes the fact that the employees can enjoy health insurance, greater flexibility at workplace, as well as prevention of the possibility of job loss. Thus, it helps in creating job security, and eliminates uncertainty at workplace. The unions often encourage the employees to go on a strike, or stop working for a few days, unless the employer is not fulfilling their demands (Villiers 2011). This considerably affects the productivity of the workplace, because of which the employers are being compelled to satisfy the employee demands. Hence, this form of collective bargaining is indeed beneficial (Anner and Liu 2015). Negative Arguments: However, on the other hand, some critics have also claimed that workers union are no longer a necessity in the current world. According to some critics, the workers unions are nowadays mostly influenced by political ideals, and active employee participation is merely a myth. The workers unions are losing their relevance. Besides, it can be argued that the salary that the employees pay their employees are often determined by the market forces, and thus going on an employee strike for higher wages would only imply a financial loss for both the parties without any concrete reason underlying the same. Research data suggests that the organizations that promote unions at workplaces incur a 22 % higher expenditure for maintaining the labor (Anner and Liu 2015). Besides, in a globalized world, private organizations are also following a diversity policy as well. To conclude, it must be noted that workers unions are beneficial and still relevant in todays workplace, as they help in protecting the employee rights through the provision of employee training and job security. It helps in upholding harmonious relation between the employer and the employee and effectively represents the needs of the employees. In the capitalized economy, the employees are likely to suffer from unemployment problems as well as the problems of unfavorable working conditions, and in such situations, it is the workers union that can potentially help the members get their problems resolved through collective bargaining methods. In case an employee encounters sudden termination from job, or an accident, that prevents his functional capability, he should be offered financial compensation. However, such compensations may not be available, unless the workers union come up and resolve such situations. Thus, no matter what the workers union is still relevant in a capitalist m arket, as it is only through the participation of the employees in these unions, can the employees expect their employment rights to be protected and safeguarded against any form of exploitation. The workers union helps in collective bargaining over crucial issues like health insurance, greater flexibility at workplace, as well as prevention of the possibility of job loss. Reference List: Anner, M. and Liu, X., 2015. Harmonious unions and rebellious workers a study of wildcat strikes in Vietnam.ILR Review, p.0019793915594596. Lamare, J.R., 2016. Union Experience and Worker Policy: Legislative Behavior in California, 19992012.ILR review,69(1), pp.113-141. Richards, J. and Sang, K., 2016. Trade unions as employment facilitators for disabled employees.The International Journal of Human Resource Management,27(14), pp.1642-1661. Villiers, C., 2011. Why Employee Protection Legislation is Still Necessary.Comp. Lab. L. Pol'y J.,33, p.481.

Expanding and Sustaining Integrated Health Care

Question: Discuss about the Expanding and Sustaining Integrated Health Care. Answer: Introduction Diabetes is a complex class of disease caused by a variety of reasons. Individuals suffering from diabetes are characterized by a high blood sugar caused by low insulin or in the body cells do not utilize the available insulin. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), over 250 million people suffer from diabetes globally. The disease is estimated to be among the top fifty causes of death by 2025 worldwide. Three common of diabetes are common. They include type 1 and type 2 diabetes and gestational diabetes. Diabetes poses a major challenge in the health sector, these calls for effective leadership on public health issues in order to help curb the disease. In this case, the essay will discuss the effective leadership and the leadership strategies that can be used to address diabetes as a public health issue. Overview of Diabetes Diabetes is a medical condition whereby the human body does not process food as required for functions such as energy. In normal body processes, the food that we consume is converted into sugar or glucose so that the body can use it for energy. With the help of the insulin produced by the pancreas, the glucose is absorbed into the body cells. When a person is suffering from diabetes, their body does not either produce enough insulin or is not capable of using its own insulin as it is required. As a result, sugar levels increase in the blood system thus the rise of the common term sugar that is used to refer to diabetes. The disease can trigger certain health problems such as heart disease, kidney failure, amputations, neuropathy and even blindness. There are various types of diabetes such as type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes and gestational diabetes (American Diabetes Association, 2014). Diabetes has become a worldwide epidemic and it has the potential to cause a global healthcare crisis. It has been established that the disease is currently affecting about 371 million people all over the world and it is growing more aggressively than anticipated. In Australia for instance, a report released in 2013 said that approximately 1.5 million people were suffering from diabetes among whom half of them were not aware that they were diabetic. The annual healthcare bill that rises from diabetes and its associated health complications is approximate $ 14.6 billion, a figure that is rapidly sky-rocketing (Amos, McCarty Zimmet, 2012). Leaders all over the world are putting effort into advocating for measures that will help control the catastrophic epidemic and eliminate the huge diabetes death toll. These efforts are however being deterred by a couple of problems. Leadership Issues and Challenges To begin with, leaders are faced with the challenge of some of the diabetic patients failure to adhere to the self-care medication process prescribed to them by the clinicians such as insulin injections and keeping their blood glucose levels in check using self-monitoring devices (Basu, Yoffe, Hills Lustig, 2013). This could be attributed to factors such as pain, which could be physical and psychological, expensive medication costs, patients unstable emotional state and their assumptions of the side effects and the intrusions and inconveniences that the medications are likely to cause in their daily lives. Some patients use reasons for non-adherence such as being too occupied or being publicly embarrassed to use the insulin. For instance, school-going children with type 1 diabetes could feel stigmatized by other students for taking insulin injections in the afternoon and this could make them skip such doses. Patients also find it as an economic burden because adhering to the medical advice is a financial constraint (Brugha, Zwi, 2013). Therefore, nurses and doctors should educate their patients on the importance of adhering to medication in order to minimize death. The other challenge lies with the healthcare providers who also lack the required adherence in administering and recommending the required glycemic control to patients. For instance, in India, insulin is not introduced to diabetic patients during the early stages of diabetes and this is evidence enough that lack of timely intervention worsens the glycemic control. (Zimmet, Magliano, Herman Shaw 2014). Leaders are constantly advocating for timely administration and initiation of proper therapies that help in facilitating glycemic control and delay the kicking in of the diabetic related complications and eventually improve the patients quality of life. These efforts are however being challenged by the physician's lack of adherence to proper medical administration (Chan, DeMelo, GingrasGucciardi, 2015). In this case, healthcare providers should undergo some form of training where they are taught on the mechanisms of controlling the disease at an early stage. Further, there is limited awareness about diabetes and its complications. A significant portion of the general public lacks the knowledge that the disease is caused by the current lifestyles risk factors, particularly the poor and unhealthy diet, obesity and lack of physical exercise. The majority of the diabetic patients do not know that appropriate glycemic control helps to minimize the risk of suffering from the health complications associated with diabetes. Leaders find it challenging to keep the epidemic under control while most people are ignorant about the disease (Chin, Goddu, Ferguson Peek, 2014). Therefore, public awareness on diabetes should be instituted so that it can be detected and controlled at an early stage. In addition, the leaders are faced with the challenge of lack of coordination in the primary prevention against diabetes efforts. People are not ready to modify their lifestyles in a manner that will help them avoid the diabetes risk factors. Sticking to a healthy diet and avoiding fast foods that have high levels of calories seems to be a major challenge to people. Also, most individuals find it challenging to adhere to a physical activity routine with the discipline and commitment it requires (Jack, 2016). Leadership Issues in Public Health In the general public healthcare system, various issues are encountered by leaders as they strive in their advocacy for better healthcare. First, there is limited funding for the leaders to carry out effective leadership strategies and advocate for better health measures. They lack the necessary finances to solve community health challenges, to educate and empower the people on matters concerning health issues, to enforce policies and regulations that protect the peoples health and ensure medical safety and to mobilize the diverse partnerships in identifying and solving health problems. All these responsibilities require funding which is not sufficient for leaders (Gallagher LeRoith, 2015). Also, there is limited research and development being carried out on the effective methods of interventions in addressing public health issues. It is pertinent that thorough research is carried out so as to develop new insights and formulate innovative solutions to the prevalent health problems. This is not the case however since there are insufficient epidemiology studies being done to address these issues. The leaders find it difficult to carry out their roles in advocating for appropriate measures to tackle various public health issues while they are not well-equipped with information that could be of great help to the public (Rowitz, 2013). Furthermore, leaders are faced with the challenges of lack of preparedness in the event of a potential public health crisis. Health disasters catch them unawares with several surprise and uncertainty factors. Sometimes, a leader can be incapacitated by grief or fear and this would greatly impair the leaders executive and advocacy functions. A public health leader could have their ability to lead compromised during the response to a health crisis. People in positions of leadership should strengthen their emotional intelligence so as to cope with health disasters (Herman, 2014). In this case, it is important for leaders to be at an alert for public health crisis so as to help curb the disease at early stages. Another challenge is the organizational problems in the case of a health crisis. The overall organization response to a public health disaster depends on the leaders ability to effectively operate and mobilize the organization. An organization poses various challenges to a public healthcare leader in that it requires simultaneous coordination of its many elements such as the emergency services, the hospitals, and the first respondents care providers. Another problem is that a leader has to organize their strategies in a manner that integrates a response to the public health crisis (Kalra, 2016). In addressing these challenges, it is important to engage the community in the action on public health care issues. Leaders should come up with community based forums that respond to the challenges in health by developing a positive attitude in addressing public health issues like diabetes. in addition, leaders should come up with diabetic based groups that will help individuals make critical decisions regarding their health. Therefore, through the support of leaders, diabetics will be able to achieve a healthy lifestyle which is the first step to better future. Leadership Strategies in Addressing Diabetes As an individual, I would use leadership and advocacy strategies to address the issue of diabetes prevalence. The social media would be an effective platform to reach out to a greater audience. First and foremost, I would advocate for constant monitoring of a persons health which will enhance early detection in case of silent or undiagnosed diabetes. I would encourage the people to participate in risk assessment tests and constant screening that would detect the onset of diabetes. In the case of an early detection, I would highly advise the diagnosed persons to take the necessary medical precautionary measures to delay the kicking in of the diabetic related complications or prevent them all together. This referral to clinical assessment would help in improving the quality of life of the people with diabetes since there would be effective management of the disease that would, in turn, reduce the risk of possible complications and mortality. If any complications arise, their progress c an be monitored and slowed down upon consulting a medical practitioner (Schwarz Riemenschneider, 2016). Moreover, I would advocate on behalf of the stigmatized diabetic patients that people would refrain from discriminating against them and creating a social stigma around diabetes. This would help put an end to the secretive culture of diabetes that creates a barrier to proper self-care medication in public and accessing medical assistance. It would also boost the diabetic patients self-confidence in participating in societys activities and going about their work-related activities (Liu et al. 2017) In addition, I would advocate for lifestyle behavior change because the current lifestyle is a risk factor for diabetes. Changing of diet and sticking to a nutritious healthy diet plan, engaging in frequent physical activities so as to reduce weight and avoid obesity would greatly help in reducing the risk of suffering from diabetes. I would assess and identify the individuals that are at the greatest risk of suffering from diabetes using non-clinical assessment tests and refer them to lifestyle behavior change programs and to a clinical setting to assess whether they are at a risk of getting diabetes (Schabert, Browne, Mosely Speight, 2013). Challenges in Addressing Diabetes In my leadership and advocating strategies, I would probably encounter certain challenges. For instance, medical facilities are not accessible to a significant proportion of people who are at a high risk of suffering from diabetes. This could be due to financial constraints. As a result, these people cannot monitor their health to make early detections of diabetes and take the appropriate measures to reduce the risk of developing diabetic related complications. The patients diagnosed with diabetes can neither access medical care nor be in a position to conduct self-care medication to treat the disease (Wright, Rowitz, Merkle, Reid, Robinson, Herzog Baker, 2012). To solve this, I would advocate the government to ensure that the diabetes screening and detection programs are made affordable and accessible to everybody. In addition, I would request the government to establish innovative strategies of funding the diabetes prevention and treatment program by ensuring that the personal and employees compensation insurance schemes are regarded as co-funding sources (Kaldor, Magnusson Colagiuri, 2015). While calling for lifestyle behavior changes, there are some possible barriers that I would encounter. The vigorous marketing and promotion strategies for unhealthy foods would pose a challenge to my efforts. To solve this challenge, I would campaign for proper food labeling disclosing all the contents and health hazards of any food by the marketers and this would empower the people in making healthier choices as they purchase their food. Pertaining to physical activity, the advancing technology pauses a challenge in that it makes transport easier and people do not get to exercise while walking. For instance, uber services and electric trains discourage people from walking or cycling over very short distances. To solve this, I would make an appeal to the workplace managers to discourage sedentary employees who cannot walk up a flight of stairs but have to wait for an elevator or take an escalator. I would request them to modify their workplace designs or deter the regular use of elev ators and escalators so that employees can get to exercise as they take the stairs and consequently reduce the risk of diabetes (Guariguata et al. 2014). Conclusion The incidences of diabetes are increasing in both developed and developing countries due to the prevalence of obesity which is brought about by consumption of an unhealthy diet and physical inactivity. Leaders have continuously and tirelessly advocated for prevention measures against the global epidemic and although their efforts have been deterred by various challenges and barriers there is a need for everybody to engage in wise lifestyle behavior. There is also the need to avoid stigmatizing diabetic patients who should, in turn, adhere to their self-care medication as prescribed to them by the physicians. This will help in the glycemic control which delays the onset of health complications or reduces their progress where they have already developed. Each and every person should strive in improving their quality of life whether they are already suffering from diabetes or not. References American Diabetes Association. (2014). Standards of medical care in diabetes2014.Diabetes care,37(Supplement 1), S14-S80. Amos, A. F., McCarty, D. J., Zimmet, P. (2012). The rising global burden of diabetes and its complications: estimates and projections to the year 2010.Diabetic medicine,14(S5). Basu, S., Yoffe, P., Hills, N., Lustig, R. H. (2013). The relationship of sugar to population-level diabetes prevalence: an econometric analysis of repeated cross-sectional data.PloS one,8(2), e57873. Brugha, R., Zwi, A. (2013). Improving the quality of private sector delivery of public health services: challenges and strategies.Health policy and planning,13(2), 107-120. Chan, J., DeMelo, M., Gingras, J., Gucciardi, E. (2015). Challenges of diabetes self-management in adults affected by food insecurity in a large Urban Centre of Ontario, Canada.International journal of endocrinology,2015. Chin, M. H., Goddu, A. P., Ferguson, M. J., Peek, M. E. (2014). Expanding and sustaining integrated health careCommunity efforts to reduce diabetes disparities.Health promotion practice,15(2_suppl), 29S-39S. Dagogo-Jack, S. (2016). 2015 Presidential Address: 75 Years of Battling Diabetes Our Global Challenge.Diabetes care,39(1), 3-9. Gallagher, E. J., LeRoith, D. (2015). Obesity and diabetes: the increased risk of cancer and cancer-related mortality.Physiological reviews,95(3), 727-748. Guariguata, L., Whiting, D. R., Hambleton, I., Beagley, J., Linnenkamp, U., Shaw, J. E. (2014). Global estimates of diabetes prevalence for 2013 and projections for 2035.Diabetes research and clinical practice,103(2), 137-149. Herman, R. (2014). The Emotional Intelligence Approach for Enhancing Skills in Leadership.Manager, (19), 38. Kaldor, J. C., Magnusson, R. S., Colagiuri, S. (2015). Government action on diabetes prevention: time to try something new.Med J Aust,202(11), 578-580. Kalra, S. (2016). Lessons from LEADERAll-round Leadership.EurEndocrinol,12, 76-8. Liu, N. F., Brown, A. S., Younge, M. F., Guzman, S. J., Close, K. L., Wood, R. (2017). Stigma in People with Type 1 or Type 2 Diabetes.Clinical Diabetes,35(1), 27-34. Peterson, K. A., Brown, M. T., Warren-Boulton, E. (2015). Responding to the challenges of primary diabetes care through the national diabetes education program.Diabetes care,38(3), 343-344. Rowitz, L. (2013).Public health leadership. Jones Bartlett Publishers. Schabert, J., Browne, J. L., Mosely, K., Speight, J. (2013). Social stigma in diabetes.The Patient-Patient-Centered Outcomes Research,6(1), 1-10. Schwarz, P. E., Riemenschneider, H. (2016). Slowing Down the Progression of Type 2 Diabetes: We Need Fair, Innovative, and Disruptive Action on Environmental and Policy Levels!Diabetes Care,39(Supplement 2), S121-S126. Wright, K., Rowitz, L., Merkle, A., Reid, W. M., Robinson, G., Herzog, B., Baker, E. (2012). Competency development in public health leadership.American Journal of Public Health,90(8), 1202. Zimmet, P. Z., Magliano, D. J., Herman, W. H., Shaw, J. E. (2014). Diabetes: a 21st century challenge.The lancet Diabetes endocrinology,2(1), 56-64.

Characteristics of Planned Economic Systems Essays -

Characteristics of Planned Economic Systems An economic system is an organized way in which a state or nation allocates its resources and apportions goods and services in the national community. There are three types of economic systems namely the mixed economic system, free market system and the planned/command system. This paper aims to explain what a planned economic system is, the characteristics of the system and how resources are allocated within the system. A planned economy is an economic system in which factors of production are owned and managed by the government. Therefore, the government decides what to produce, how much to produce and for whom to produce. Although, a planned economy may be based on either centralized or decentralized forms of economic planning, it usually refers to a centrally planned economy. The aim of central planning is to improve productivity and coordination by enabling the government to take advantage of information achieved through the consolidation of economic resources, such as capital, land and labour, when making decisions regarding investment and the allocation of economic inputs. Examples of countries that execute planned economic systems include Cuba, China, North Korea and Iran. In a planned economy all resources are owned and managed by the government. Therefore, there is no private sector to contribute to production, investment and the overall growth in the nations economy. Another characteristic of a planned economy is that there is no consumer or producer sovereignty. Consumer sovereignty refers to the ability and freedom of consumers to choose from a variety of goods and services while producer sovereignty refers to a firms power and ability to influence consumer decisions (Pettinger, 2008). It is because of this lack of ownership of resources and sovereignty that market forces are not allowed to set the price of goods and services produced. Unlike in the mixed or free market economic systems, the main objective of the planned economic system is to ensure that goods and services are provided to the entire population; not to gain profits. It is because of this that in a mixed economy there is no inflation because all prices are fixed by the government. All economic systems must answer three main economic questions: what is to be produced, how it will be produced and who will get what is produced. In a planned economy, these questions are answered through central planning. It is through central planning that the government is able to identify what goods and services are needed to satisfy the need of the society, how these goods and services are going to be produced and how they are to be distributed. Once these questions have been answered, the government sets forth to implement these answers. Firms concerned with production such as factories, farms and so on are given directives as to what and how much they are to produce and are expected to reach their targets. The government ensures that these firms are given adequate capital to ensure that the needed amount of a good or service is produced efficiently. Once goods and services are produced, the government must then decide who gets what. In a planned economy, the government looks at several factors when deciding how to distribute goods and service. The main factor pertaining to how goods and services is that of equality. The government ensures that all goods and services are allocated in a way that ensures that all persons needs are satisfied. These needs include housing, food, health care and education. In special cases, such as one family being bigger than another, some persons may be receive more resources than others. Reference Bized (2006, December 25). Biz/ed - Economics Notes - Economic Systems | Biz/ed. Retrieved February 25, 2014, from http://www.bized.co.uk/learn/economics/notes/systems.htm Pettinger, T. (2008, November 10). Producer and Consumer Sovereignty | Economics Help. Retrieved February 25, 2014, from http://www.economicshelp.org/blog/917/economics/producer-and-consumer-sovereignty/ WebFinance (2014). What is economic system? definition and meaning. Retrieved February 25, 2014, from http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/economic-system.html#ixzz2taqoxKTb

A Comparison of Freud and Fromm essays

A Comparison of Freud and Fromm essays Sigmund Freud was born in Monrovia on May 6,1856. He entered the University of Vienna in 1873 at the age of 17. He finished his degree in 1881. Freud died in England in 1939. He was an active therapist, theorist and writer to the very end. ( Ewen 19-20) Erich Fromm was born four years after Freud in 1900 in Frankfurt, Germany. Unlike Freud, Fromm had no medical training in his background. He received his PHD from the University of Heidelberg and later studied at Berlin Psychoanalytic Institute. Erich Fromm died March 16, 1980 in Switzerland. (Ewen 187) While Freud and Fromm were contemporaries and shared some basic beliefs, their approach to most issues varied greatly. Freuds attitude was purely scientific. Fromm desired to humanize things. Fromm accepted the importance of unconscious, biological drives, repression and defense mechanisms, but rejected Freuds theory of id, ego and superego. Fromm did not believe in specific developmental stages. He believed that the growing child slowly learns to distinguish between I and not I, through contact with the environment, notably those involving the parents.(Ewen 194) Fromm contends that personality development continues into adulthood. He believes that if a child keeps up with the increasing feelings of isolation, that anxiety can be kept to a minimal and personality development proceeds normally. Freuds well-known theory is that the personality is determined during the first five years of life. He believes we proceed through a series of psychosexual stages: oral, anal, urethral, phallic, a latency period and genital. Freud contends that the genital stage is the goal of normal development and that it represents true maturity. ( Hansen 25-26) Fromm warns against pathogenic behavior because it can damage the childs sense of reliance. He believed healthy pers...

Negotiation & Conflict Resolution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Negotiation & Conflict Resolution - Essay Example One recent instance of conflict and negotiation in the political world is the partial shutdown of the US government. The conflict originated from lack of consensus on political issues but wrecked not only the political but also the social and economic fabric of the US. The primary parties to this conflict were President Obama with the Democrats on one side and the Republican House of Representatives on the other side. The issue arose on October 1, 2013 during a budget discussion session in the Congress due to a disagreement over a particular healthcare reform law. The Republicans were not in favor of passing the reformed healthcare law and looked forward to a delay or repeal in the legislation. But President Obama strictly asserted that he wanted the bill to be passed clean and without any amendments or unnecessary delays. The resulting concord between the parties led the Republicans to declare a partial shutdown of the government operations in the US. This primary issue of the healt hcare reform bill further got entangled with another vital issue regarding the debt ceiling for government borrowings. Obama requested a relaxation of the debt ceiling as the deadline for the same was approaching soon, i.e. on October 17, 2013. Not extending the debt limit would lead to a fiscal impasse as the nation will be unable to repay its debts and clear its bills. This would affect not only the US economy but also the global economy and the secondary parties such as the financial agencies, stock markets, federal workers and general public. The 16-day-long impasse in the US was primarily born out of a policy deadlock over the spending bill in the government budget. President Obama had suggested the inclusion of a healthcare reform law, Affordable Care Act, which offers a range of healthcare and welfare facilities for the US citizens. But the Republican-led House of Representatives refused to pass it and showed intentions to repeal or delay it by the span of a year. They called for a House-Senate Conference Committee to resolve the matter. But the Democrats refused to this idea, saying that the House was just trying to defer the new healthcare law using the pretext of the budget process. Owing to this unresolved conflict, the House declared a partial shutdown of the government on October 1. While the Republicans insisted on a delay in the implementation of the healthcare reform, Obama remained immovable on his stance that â€Å"Obamacare† is non-negotiable and that he wanted a â€Å"clean bill† devoid of any conditions or amendments. (CNBC, 2013) This shutdown very soon raised an alarm amongst the secondary parties to the conflict. Wall Street officials expressed their concern over the present shutdown and the future prospect of a financial default. The US government was fast approaching its debt ceiling of $ 16.7 trillion which it was about to hit on October 17 (Jackson, 2013). James Clapper, Director of the US National Intelligence, shared with the media his grave fears regarding the severe impact of the shutdown on their ability â€Å"to support the military, to support diplomacy, and to support the policymakers.† (Cornwell, 2013). Owing to the shutdown, 70% of the federal intelligence personnel had been sent on unpaid leave. Lloyd Blankfein, Chairman and CEO of the Goldman Sachs Group, apprehended over the aligned and perhaps more critical issue of a financial default arising from the shutdown. Saying that America had seen a precedent